|
Monarch Butterfly
|
|
|
Monarch
Butterflies
(Danaus Plexippus)
|
|
*CLICK ON ANY ABOVE IMAGE TO ENLARGE*
ABOUT
The Monarch butterfly is undoubtedly the most recognized butterfly in the United States. They range from southern Canada to the mountains of central Mexico, from California to the east coast, and all points in between. The Monarch is as abundant, as it is wide spread. Aside from just being downright beautiful, the Monarch is unique in many different ways. What separates them from all other butterflies is they are the only one to migrate south in the winter... thanks to their preference for temperatures of 60 degrees or above.
When summer is ending and the days start to become cooler, the Monarch instinctively knows it is time to begin the journey south. Incredibly, some travel up to 2,000 miles over a 2 month span. The butterflies from east of the Rocky Mountains head to a 30x50 mile patch of forest in the mountains of south-central Mexico. The butterflies west of the Rockies winter in southern California. The only exception to this is southern California, southern Florida and Hawaii, where they can be found year-round.
During the migration, Monarchs gather in large roosts, usually on large trees in wooded areas. Once at their destination, they semi-hibernate, living off fat reserves until it is time to return home in the spring. Then, sometime in February, as the spring season begins, they begin their way north again. During and after their long journey north, the female Monarch lays her eggs, usually on the underside leaves, of a plant called Milkweed.
There are over one hundred species of Milkweed plants that grow wild across the United States into Canada. For a detailed list of the Milkweed plants in your particular state, click here.
*CLICK ON ANY ABOVE IMAGE TO ENLARGE*
There is a very special reason why they choose the Milkweed plants to lay their eggs and serve as a host to their offspring. Aside from serving as the major food for the caterpillars, the poison found in Milkweed plants provides a lifetime of protection from predators without harming the Monarch larva or the adult. While the caterpillars are feasting on the leaves, they are inadvertently indigesting and storing the plants toxins in their bodies. This noxious chemical then gets transferred from the caterpillar to the adult butterfly.
The Monarchs vivid wing markings serve as a warning to would be predators. Inexperienced hunters learn very quickly not to eat a Monarch butterfly. Once ingested, the toxins they have stored from the Milkweed make the predator very ill and they learn very quickly not to chose another Monarch for their next meal. The very distinctive and colorful pattern of a Monarchs wings is so effective, that the Viceroy butterfly mimics its markings as a defense mechanism.
To learn more about butterfly predators, click here.
|
Life Cycle
There are three to six generations of Monarchs each year. Interestingly, only *one* of these generations makes the preparations to migrate. The Monarchs that emerge in spring and summer, live only 4 to 5 weeks and simply produce the next generation.
Then, as autumn approaches, the butterflies sense the temperature change and shortening daylight. This signals the caterpillars that develop in fall to delay maturing into adults, allowing extra time to begin storing large fat reserves for the journey south.
When the newly hatched adults take flight in fall, they head for warmer areas as quickly as possible, feeding and storing fat as they go. They fly south by riding on wind and thermal currents, even if it is not a direct route.
|
Metamorphosis
*The caterpillar sheds its hard skin 5 times as it grows*
Each stage between shedding is called an 'instar'
NOTE: All 8 stages can vary in the time it takes to complete a certain cycle... as weather can adversely effect the process. The warmer the weather, the faster things progress. The colder the weather, the slower it takes.
THE EGG: Monarch eggs are laid by the Queen, or female. She can lay several hundred eggs, usually laying a single egg on a plant. The eggs hatch about 4 days after they are laid.
*For some really neat pictures of an egg hatching, click here.*
THE CATERPILLAR: Once the baby caterpillar hatches from the egg, its first meal is its own egg shell. Once this is consumed, he/she begins eating the host milkweed plant their egg was laid on. As the baby caterpillar grows, it will shed his skin (like a snake) 5 times before it is ready to morph into a pupa. Each time this shedding of old skin happens, it is called an 'instar'. This entire process lasts anywhere from 9-14 days. The caterpillars don't always stay on the same plant during their growing stages. If there are other milkweed plants near by, they will move about all the plants. Interestingly, there is no way to tell the sex of any caterpillar... until they emerge from their Pupa as adults.
THE PUPA: A few days after the 4th instar, the caterpillar is now at its peak size and ready to find a nice quiet place to transform into a Pupa, or Chrysalis. The plump caterpillars usually, but not always, leave their host plants and crawl a fairly good distance away to morph into their cocoons. Once their feel comfortable with a location, the caterpillars attach themselves with silken thread, and form a prepupal "J" before shedding their skin for the last time. Once the transformation is complete the Pupa stage lasts from 8-13 days.
*CLICK ON ANY ABOVE IMAGE TO ENLARGE*
THE ADULT: When the pupa becomes very dark and the orange and black wings are visible, the soon to be adult is ready to emerge. This usually happens in the mid-morning hours, before noon. The initial emergence is very quick and once the shell splits open at the bottom, the butterfly quickly grabs on the shell and hangs upside down. Its wings are very small at this point in comparison to the abdomen which is huge, as this is where all the bodily fluid is stored. The instant the adult emerges, the wings slowly start enlarging as the fluid in the abdomen begins to pump into its wings. The butterfly excretes any excess fluid out before its maiden flight. Hanging upside down at this point is critical and if the butterfly falls, he/she needs to quickly climb back on something before its wings dry, or it will never be able to fly. After a few hours, the wings are dry enough and the new Monarch takes flight.
MONARCH VIDEOS 
This video clip is recommended for those who have a slow Internet connection speed, such as dial up. This download file size is 982 KB and is 2 minutes, 36 seconds long.
|
This video clip is recommended for those with a fast Internet connection speed, such as cable. This download file size is 8.66 MB and is 2 minutes, 36 seconds long.
|
This video clip is recommended for those who have a slow Internet connection speed, such as dial up. This download file size is 1.50 MB and is 4 minutes, 58 seconds long.
|
This video clip is recommended for those with a fast Internet connection speed, such as cable. This download file size is 5.50 MB and is 4 minutes, 58 seconds long.
|
|
Did you know that....
*The adult Monarch butterfly, actually has 6 legs?*
(Unless you look closely, you will only see four)
* 'Lepidopterists' are specialists in the study of butterflies *
*Butterflies taste with their feet*
|
Determining The Sex Of An Adult
Notice the males's black veins on the wings are smaller than the females. Also, the males have two distinct black dots on the lower part of their wings close to their abdomen.
LINKS 
|
|